Abstract
Background
The Great East Japan Earthquake and devastating Tsunami hit hard everything on the
northeastern coast of Japan. This study aimed to determine socio-psychological factors
for “subjective shoulder pain” of the survivors at 2 years evaluated by a self-report
questionnaire.
Methods
Between November 2012 to February 2013, survivors replied to the self-report questionnaire,
and 2275 people consented to join this study. Living status was divided into 5 categories
(1. same house as before the earthquake (reference group), 2. temporary small house,
3. apartment, 4. house of relatives or acquaintance, 5. new house) and economic hardship
was divided into 4 categories (1. normal (reference group), 2. a little bit hard,
3. hard, 4. very hard). Gender, age, body mass index, living areas, smoking and drinking
habits, complications of diabetes mellitus and cerebral stroke, working status, and
walking time were considered as the confounding factors. Kessler Psychological Distress
Scale of ≥10/24 and Athens Insomnia Scale of ≥6/24 points were defined as a presence
of psychological distress and sleep disturbance, respectively. We used multiple logistic
regression analysis to examine the association of shoulder pain with living environment,
economic hardship, psychological distress, and sleep disturbance at 2 years after
the earthquake.
Results
There were significant differences in the risk of having shoulder pain in those with
“apartment” (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.03–2.96), “house of relatives or acquaintance”
(OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.42–6.25), economic hardship of “hard” (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.08–2.7)
and “very hard” (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.47–4.29), and sleep disturbance (OR = 2.96,
95% CI = 2.05–4.27).
Conclusions
Living status of “apartment” and “house of relatives or acquaintance”, economic hardship
of “hard” and “very hard”, and “sleep disturbance” were significantly associated with
shoulder pain.
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References
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/hakusho/h24/bousai2012/html/honbun/1b_1h_1s_01_01.htm.
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 23, 2017
Accepted:
December 25,
2016
Received in revised form:
December 1,
2016
Received:
April 21,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2017 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
